The Art & Skill of Radio-Telegraphy
-Second Revised Edition-
William G. Pierpont N0HFF
The following are samples taken from the literature to show various skills some operators have achieved.
They illustrate
clearly the automatic, subconscious nature of real skill in telegraphy,
that it is a habitual form of behavior, done without conscious intervention
or effort. They also show what can be done by what has been done.
People who do things well do not struggle with them: they enjoy doing them.
It can be seen that there is a hierarchy of skill habits, ranging from
lower degrees to very high degrees of skill, each step leading to greater
freedom of action than before.
RECEIVING
CODE WHILE DOING SOMETHING ELSE
Both in the
past and in the present there are very many examples of sending or receiving
while speaking or doing other things at the same time. Old
land line operators typically could do this at speeds up to 35 to 40 wpm.
Some hams today can and often do the same things.
Sending
and writing at the same time:-
Almost all
old Morse operators developed this kind of skill to some degree, and usually
were able to send with one hand while writing on the message blank the
number, time, date, etc., with the other hand. Pressure of work almost
demanded it in a busy office.
Sending
and receiving simultaneously:-
A regular
RR agent-operator at a small town near Salina, KS, was observed to be sending
a bunch of RR manifests (lists of freight cargo, giving details) when he
was called on another wire. Without pausing, he opened his key with the
other hand, sent an acknowledgement, closed the key switch, picked up a
message blank and slipped it into the typewriter, rolled it into position
and proceeded to copy the message with one finger of his left hand while
continuing to send the manifests with his right hand. This was not
at all unusual for regular operators: there are many examples. A
slightly different example is with the many old RR operators who regularly
would copy down an incoming message with one hand and simultaneously send
it on down the line with the other hand.
Receiving
two or more messages at same time:-
One ship operator
offshore of California had the amusing experience of simultaneously receiving
the identical message for him from two different shore stations, KPH and
KPJ. Both called him at same time, and he told the one to go ahead,
but instead, both began at once to transmit. He tried to copy them
both. This became very easy when he discovered they were both sending the
same message. The climax came later when both of them billed
him for the same message! In 1924 in the Boston Postal Telegraph
office a wire chief claimed he could simultaneously copy one message in
French with one hand and another in English with the other hand.
His chief operator took the challenge, promptly went out and picked up
one message in each language, provided pencils and pads to the wire chief,
and had the two messages sent to him simultaneously at the usual keying
speeds. The wire chief made good on his word in the presence of all
the other operators in the office, and made perfect copy on both.
A former Navy operator claimed that while copying one message, he often could mentally note other messages which were interfering with the reception of the one he was copying, and do so accurately enough to write them out later. He said that, especially when he was copying some particularly dull and uninteresting material, he was always fully conscious of the content of messages heard at the same time on adjacent frequencies concerning shore leave, pay or other interesting aspects of these transmissions.
One expert operator in San Francisco is credited with having received three separate dispatches at the same time, writing each of them out correctly by memory afterward. That looks a little hard! Using both American Morse and Morse Internaitonal codes simultaneously:- Robert (Dick) Johnstone of old KPH was a phenomenal operator, said to be one of the best of his day. He could send one message in International Morse while simultaneously sending another with his other hand in American Morse. Similar claims have been made by others also.
Comparison
with other mental functions and discussion.
Can't we compare
this to a certain extent with other habitual activities, such as driving
a car while thinking of something quite different? (Later wondering,
e.g,, "Did I stop at. . . , or did I drive on?") Or like the stenographer
who looked at her notes after taking dictation and was startled to see
she had written a joke being told in the same office while she was taking
dictation?
Doing two things at once, one subconscious or automatic and the other conscious is relatively commonplace. For example, I can read aloud from printed matter while consciously thinking about something quite different, and still read so that it sounds meaningful -- yet afterwards have little or no recollection of what I had read aloud (and sometimes wondering if I had included anything of what I had been thinking at any point along the line.
As for the
operators who could copy two messages simultaneously, is it possible that
both actions were automatic? Were they hearing one with
the right ear and writing it down with the left hand, while hearing the
other effectively with the left ear and writing it with the right hand,
or what? Or, was the one automatic and the other conscious,
although done at fairly high speed? If both were automatic, were
they free to think of or hear something still different at the same time?
This seems possible from the experience of a few who have said that they
were attending to two messages and yet hearing salient points of still
a third, or voices in their environment. Or, is this something like
the "sandwich" operation of a large computer where each of several different
people seems to be doing his job as the only one in control, yet the computer
is apparently handling them simultaneously. Actually the computer
does this by dividing the jobs into parts which are scheduled and processed
in an interwoven manner by a schema for optimum usage of computer functions,
time-slicing and controlling to keep each one separate, and only seeming
to give each operator sole control. For a human example, how
does the traffic control officer of an airport keep alert to the arrival
and departure of many aircraft all at the same time, seeming to give each
"simultaneous" attention? Very interesting, isn't it?
SPEEDS
By 1933 it
was written that a good commercial operator can and does average about
40 wpm over an 8-hour stretch, handling everything from straight news to
tabular matter. Hand sending was absolutely steady, rhythmic and
even, intelligently coded and spaced - a joy to listen to. On the
main traffic arteries of the Associated Press, speeds up into the 60-70-
wpm range were said not to be uncommon. In 1937 WCK had two press
schedules, one at about 45 wpm to be copied by ear and another very much
faster for automatic recording and visual tape transcription. Yet
Pete Pettit and Paul Magarris, Navy operators, could copy the higher speed
press solid, and others were runners up. Ralph Graham, W8KPE, a landline
telegrapher, demonstrated at Smithsonian during AWA conference before ten
witnesses, copying a 79.4 wpm. -- George Batterson W2GB
(first AWA president) at age 94 could still copy 50 wpm, but complained
that his sending speed had slowed down to only 35. Mike Popella
KA3HIE could copy 45 wpm by hand on paper.
Jim Farrior
W4FOK wrote this way:- "When I was a boy of 13 I lived in a small town
in AL. The RR telegraph office was one of the few things in town
that interested me. One of the three agent telegrahers gave me his sounder
and telegraph key. The night agent usually had little work to do and often
helped me by sending to me and telling me about operating procedures.,
etc. The sounder there was nearly always active, and I gradually
became able to copy directly from the wire. I guess I learned it
pretty much like one learns to speak, because I don't remember trying to
learn. I was told that it was really very easy, and I guess I believed
it. I was just having fun, and dreamed that some day I might become
a telegrapher."
SOME INTERESTING
EXAMPLES OF YOUNG SKILLED OPERATORS OF THE PAST
In 1856 seven
year-old John O'Brian delivered telegrams for his brother Richard, who
at age 15 was the telegrapher for the local RR office. After two
years of this John prevailed upon his brother to teach him how to operate.
So, while still only nine years of age John became a good operator and
was eager to have a job of his own. The RR offered him the position
at a nearby town, and he snapped it up. People in those days were
used to seeing young telegraphers, but not this young! Very soon,
however, they became so pleased with his work that no more questions were
asked.
Those youngsters were motivated and quick to learn. When the Civil War began he volunteered along with many others, became their youngest operator, and by early 1862 was already the assistant operator at the important military station of Ft. Monroe, VA, and considered an expert. When the Commander, General Wool, first saw him he was astounded. On a subsequent military assignment at Norfolk, VA, on one occasion John scrawled down two incoming messages while he was actually asleep, writing them down in a book he had been reading. (Civil War operators often worked impossibly long hours under difficult or dangerous battlefront conditions, and when things let up a bit, easily dropped off for a few winks of sleep.)
James H. Bunnell
became an operator at age 13. He was so short that he had to sit
on a stool to reach the telegraph instruments. At age 16 he was one
of the best operators in the country, noted for his speed of 38 wpm (by
actual word count). These are just two examples of the many, many
boys who quickly became skilled telegraphers in the mid-1800's.
EXAMPLES
OF EFFECTIVE CODE LEARNING
At the lowest
skill levels: Four-years-olds, barely able to write even block letters
have been able to pass the code test. How many of us are willing to admit
a four-year-old can outperform us?
Then consider these higher skill levels:- In 1909-1910 Don C. Wallace learned the code with a friend, John Cook, and the help of the operators of Commercial station PJ in San Pedro CA. In 1910 he set up his first station. In 1915 he passed the test for a first class commercial operator's license, said to have required demonstrating ability to handle 25 wpm in Continental code and 30 wpm in American Morse code. Later with Tony Gerhardt he played a game they called "burnout." One would send as fast as he could with speed key (bug) while the other copied on a typewriter, the idea being to see who could go the faster. This continued wherever they were until Don could send in excess of 45 wpm and receive about 55 wpm
Later he needed a staff of 35 assistant operators of about his own speed capabilities. Within a short time he found them among Navy personnel where he was stationed, and did it this way: by sending his requests at these speeds and seeing who responded to what he sent. Here were at least three dozen men with high speed skills before 1920. They were men who enjoyed the code so much they achieved high goals. Moral: If you want to do it, you probably can.
Arnie's
Father was chief telegraph operator at a RR station and had once won a
60 wpm award in a contest for RR operators. His son, age 8,
Arnie hung around the station all his spare time. He didn't say how, but
he learned Morse on his own and soon had learned to send and receive at
about 25 wpm. When dad was out he copied down the train orders for
him. He wanted a job as operator. After much pleading, his
dad said he could operate the station all by himself when he reached his
9th birthday. So he did, all day, while his dad looked over his shoulder
and smiled a time or two. Arnie begged the RR to let him be a secondshift
operator after school and weekends for 50 cents an hour as second shift
operator. He was required to pass the cooked-up special qualifying
test: of sending a train order at 25 wpm using one key with his left hand
for the dashes and a second key with his right hand for the dots.
He succeeded in doing it some months later, and finallly was given
a job as sole operator on second shift all summer.
The Art &Skill of Radio-Telegraphy
©William G. Pierpont N0HFF
This page last updated August 02, 1998
Modifications and compile by Thom LaCosta - K3HRN - December 2004